World War 1 - A Short Timeline of 1915

World War 1 - A Short Timeline of 1915 Germany now plotted a change of tactic, fighting defensively in the West and trying to defeat Russia in the east quickly by attacking, while the Allies aimed to break through on their respective fronts. Meanwhile, Serbia came under increased pressure and Britain planned to attack Turkey. January 8: Germany forms a southern army to support the faltering Austrians. Germany would have to send ever more troops to prop up what became a puppet regime. January 19: First German Zeppelin raid on British mainland. January 31: The first use of poison gas in WW1, by Germany at Bolimow in Poland. This ushers in a terrible new era in warfare, and soon the allied nations join in with their own gas. February 4: Germany declares submarine blockade of Britain, with all approaching ships considered targets. This is the start of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. When this is restarted later in the war it causes Germany to lose. February 7 - 21: Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes, no gains. (EF) March 11: The Reprisals Order, in which Britain banned all neutral parties from trading with Germany. As Germany was suffering a naval blockade by Britain this became a serious issue. The US was supposedly neutral, but couldnt get supplies to Germany if it had wanted to. (It didnt.) March 11 - 13 : Battle of Neuve-Chapelle. (WF) March 18: Allied ships attempt to bombard areas of the Dardanelles, but their failure causes the development of an invasion plan. April 22 - May 25: Second Battle of Ypres (WF); BEF casualties are triple those of Germans. April 25: The Allied ground assault begins in Gallipoli. (SF) The plan has been rushed, the equipment is poor, commanders who would later prove themselves act badly. It is a colossal mistake. April 26: The Treaty of London is signed, in which Italy joins the Entente. They have a secret agreement which gives them land in a victory. April 22: Poison Gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres. May 2-13: Battle of Gorlice-Tarnow, in which the Germans push Russia back. May 7: The Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine; casualties include 124 Americans passengers. This inflames US opinion against Germany and submarine warfare. June 23 - July 8: First Battle of Isonzo, an Italian offensive against fortified Austrian positi ons along a 50-mile front. Italy makes ten more attacks between 1915 and 1917 in the same place (The Second - Eleventh Battles of Isonzo) for no real gains. (IF) July 13-15: The German Triple Offensive begins, aiming to destroy the Russian army. July 22: The Great Retreat (2) is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them. September 1: After American outrage, Germany officially stops sinking passenger vessels without warning. September 5: Tsar Nicholas II makes himself Russian Commander-in-Chief. This directly leads to him being blamed for failure and the collapse of the Russian monarchy. September 12: After the failure of the Austrian Black Yellow offensive (EF), Germany takes over ultimate control of Austro-Hungarian forces. September 21 - November 6: Allied offensive leads to Battles of Champagne, Second Artois and Loos; no gains. (WF) November 23: German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian forces push the Serbian army into exile; Serbia falls. December 10: The Allies begin slowly withdrawing from Gallipoli; they complete by January 9 1916. The landing has been a total failure, costing a huge number of lives. December 18: Douglas Haig appointed British Commander-in-Chief; he replaces John French. December 20th: In The Falkenhayn Memorandum, the Central Powers propose to bleed the French White through a war of attrition. The key is using Verdun Fortress as a French meat grinder. Despite attacking on the Western Front, Britain and France make few gains; they also incur hundreds of thousands more casualties than their enemy. The Gallipoli landings also fail, causing the resignation of a certain Winston Churchill from British government. Meanwhile, the Central Powers achieve what looks like success in the East, pushing the Russians back into Belorussia...but this had happened before - against Napoleon - and would happen again, against Hitler. Russias manpower, manufacturing and army remained strong, but casualties had been huge. Next page 1916 Page 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Chinese economic developments in the nineteenth century Essay

Chinese economic developments in the nineteenth century - Essay Example The paper will also look at China’s scope in foreign trade and the changing trends occasioned by a variety of trading empires from the west and in particular the period of treaty port which opened up china’s ports to the world. On focus is china’s conflict with a growing west of the 19th century especially England which was confrontational. Another consideration is the crises being experienced then in China due to rebellion and other natural and social issues that opened her market to the west. China in the 19th century Just as the emergence of China in the 21st century has had a drastic effect on the Western economies today, the same can be said, but in reverse, of China two centuries ago when European countries took over as the world economic power houses rendering China as a client state. China’s volume of foreign exchange continued to be low and restricted but later a remarkable increase was witnessed as product from different corners especially Europe and neighboring Far East countries started flowing into the Chinese market (Keller, Li and Shiue 2010, p. 1). Below is a graphical illustration showing China’s foreign trade with the leading economies between 1865 and 1900. Source: Keller, Li and Shiue (2010, P.42). Chinese ports became the conduit by which foreign goods were transited through. During this period China was still prosperous with a great endowment of natural resources; a colossal though contented populace that boasted of a prestigious royal dynasty domestically and overseas (Asia for Educators 2004, p. 1). China’s dynastic empire was the leading economy in the world at the start of 19th century and her Gross Domestic Product (GDP) surpassed the combined GDPs of Western Europe, the North America, Japan and...This essay offers a retrospective comprehensive review of the economic developments in China during the nineteenth century. The paper explores Chinese scope in foreign trade in that period and the ch anging trends, which were occasioned by a variety of trading empires from the west and in particular the period of treaty port which opened up china’s ports to the world. Just as the emergence of China in the twenty first century has had a drastic effect on the Western economies today, the same can be said, but in reverse, of China two centuries ago when European countries took over as the world economic power houses rendering China as a client state. The entry into China by the Europeans and the subsequent forced opening of Chinese port and eventual setting up of treaty ports that favored the West over the Chinese culminated into an influx of a variety of products range and goods as well, as we saw above the smuggling of opium an item that led to the opium wars. This resulted into China increasingly turning to a client state during the period of nineteenth century as imported rate of imported new goods grew yearly Two centuries ago China suffered humiliation from the west when her territory was defiled and their culture trampled upon. From the rich history of China it is evident that though the West forcefully entered China and imposed its agenda selfishly by compelling the Chinese leadership to enter into biased treaties, a thing the Chinese detested, in the long run it is the Chinese who have benefited.

Urban Tourism report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Urban Tourism report - Essay Example 48). Tourists chose to visit different places based on their preferences and all the cities and countries have different aspects that attract different kinds of visitors (Xiang & Tussyadiah, 2013, p. 4). For instance, people prefer to go to Egypt to see the mummies and the pyramids while they prefer to go to London as it has numerous museums and art galleries among other attractions. With this in mind, it can be concluded that tourism is a growing industry considering that most of the countries are striving to promote tourism while others depend on it completely. In this report, urban tourism in Edinburgh will be analysed with specific reference to the Royal Military Edinburgh Tattoo. This report will elaborate on the history of the Royal Military Edinburgh Tattoo and how it has developed to become what it is today together with the aspects that affect it. Urban tourism is a wide concept that entails of the forms of entertainment activities that are heal in different cities along with other activities that involve food, shopping and families among others (Hayllar, Griffin & Edwards, 2008, p. 142). Different people prefer to visit different cities and other urban areas for different reasons with their main attractions being special events, art galleries and cultural events among others (Coles & Timothy, 2004, p. 282). In order to attract external visitors, a city’s image is very important as the tourists have particular expectation in regard to the behaviour and attitudes of the people in these cities as well as the infrastructure and other aspects. Making the urban environment better and enhancing all the services and facilities in various cities are important as far as the attraction of tourists is concerned. These improvements include developing good infrastructure that will transportation smoother, creating better trade poli cies that will provide a good atmosphere for shopping, providing access to the latest information

Pre-service teachers dealing with autism Research Paper

Pre-service teachers dealing with autism - Research Paper Example The focus in this paper is on teaching that can be considered as an art form. Educators need to make learning an enjoyable experience for their students without sacrificing the quality of education that they as teachers would deliver. There have been scholarly revisions that have been made through the years as researches and further studies are conducted to cope up with changes in views about certain subjects and theories. Research papers are being published from time to time to further explain and elaborate on certain issues that people are facing in their everyday lives. Teaching can be compared to researches as both needs to up-to-date, reliable and well-explained. Firstly, the targeted group should be recognized and not just be included in figures. Therefore, was autism properly defined in the paper or how would a person with autism react? The definition of autism was given as a developmental disorder that has not been very well expounded to the public since the early days of its detection. What is being referred to as the â€Å"autistic syndrome† is considered as a biological condition that needs the medical involvement. There have been studies about it however the public is not well-aware of why and how it transpires. The general public still has questions on how they would treat people who has the disorder. Even educators have questions on what teaching style or approach would be effective for students with autism. ... Even educators have questions on what teaching style or approach would be effective for students with autism. As further reading was made on the paper, a question arises as to why a little attention was given to what supposed to be the sample group for the teachings which is being designed. There has been very little effort that has been made through the years to further educate the public about autism. For a teaching method to be considered as well-planned and deliberated, the targeted group should be verified and known. The research paper only focused on the educators and how and what lessons would be given to the group of students who are mentally challenged. However, it was not identified on how these students would behave and react in certain situations especially with the approach that the pre-service teachers will be using. The design or structure that was used in the paper can be said to be straight to the point. However, it was only done in a way that only one end of the pro ject would benefit. As it has been stated previously, it was only the educators’ side that was given the attention. Consideration should also be given to the students with autism as they would also be an end benefactor of the research. The success or failure of the theories and methodologies is dependent on the way students would react on how pre-service educators would deliver the lessons to them. Therefore, students are also an important factor in this research and not just teachers. It was not the only concern that can be addressed towards the authors. Another aspect of the paper which can be a cause of uncertainty is that a couple of references that were used were quite outdated. There are more than 2 decades that separates the research paper and

Causes of back injuries and methods of its preventing Essay

Causes of back injuries and methods of its preventing - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the significance of the impact of safe lifting has turned out to be not generally acknowledged in the globe. Many reasons have been explained in relation to work area safety. In this paper, we discuss a variable that has not been given the attention it deserves in the argument about safe lifting and health in places of work. The case of escalating back injuries has for the most part been overlooked in contingency plans by business organization. Many organizations with low levels of employee safety and health ultimately find themselves in a situation we call a â€Å"safety trap.† This state of affairs concerns both the employees and the employers. High levels of back injuries and poor lifting methods bring about higher rates of insurance premiums. If the premium rates are high, it is both the employers and employees who suffer in the long term. The employer suffers in that they are forced to incur extra costs by paying the high r ates for insurance premiums while the employees suffer in that they sometimes suffer negative life changing injuries which end up decapitating them for the rest of their lives. At present, the total cost of premiums being paid out by the business sums up to a massive $78,000. At the implementation of the project, we hope to reduce this by a whopping 70% and if possible wipe out the issue of high premiums being paid out. A sharp increase has been detected in back strain injuries and days lost due to these injuries which has also seen an increase in insurance premium costs. JIM’S CLEANING will make sure that probable back injury risk factors in its amenities are evaluated and restricted. This regular practice order is planned to tackle broadly the issues of; Evaluating back injury concerns, evaluating engineering measures, job practices, organizational measures, and

Fictitious Business Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fictitious Business Description - Essay Example When choosing suitable HRIS, there are a lot of factors or questions to consider. The following are just few of the important factors to consider. One of the most important things to consider is to know the degree of flexibility and scalability that the HR information technology software provides. This should address if the software can import data from multiple Excel spreadsheets, databases, and paper documents and the level with which it can interface with all kinds of systems and data. Another factor to consider is if the software can accommodate the rules of the company and the benefit carriers as to make sure that each enrolment activity will be evaluated and necessary combination of rules can be applied. The next thing to consider is the ability to grow as the company grows with new employees, offices, benefit changes and rules. The capability of the software to integrate with other systems should also be considered. The company should also know who is responsible for implement ing or building the solution and must have a clear understanding of the level of training and expertise required and amount of time expected. The data should make sure that the data is owned by the Human Resources organization. Company should also take a look at the upkeep and maintenance required. There are still numerous questions to consider. ... Within the human resource management area, these decisions include recruitment decisions; job analysis and design decisions, training and development decisions, and employee compensation plan decisions. In a Tactical Information System, this type of information system includes Job Analysis and Design Information Systems, Recruitment Information Systems, Compensation and Benefits Information Systems, and Employee Trainings and Development Systems. The Job Analysis and Design Information Systems can help Mr. Morgan in his problem about answering questions and communicating with his employees. This information system is designed to take care of the information inputted to the job analysis from interviews with workers, supervisors, labour unions, government, competitors and other external sources (Types of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS), n.d.). The output from this will provide Mr. Morgan the basis for strategic human resource decisions. The Recruiting Information Systems will be very helpful to Mr. Morgan. This information system will collect and process the information needed to create a plan which includes the list of vacant positions, with the corresponding responsibilities and requirements; list of employees for transfer, termination, retirement and even summaries for appraisal of employees (Types of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS), n.d.). The other component of tactical HRIS is the Compensation and Benefits Information Systems which will help Mr. Morgan in taking care of the employees’ payroll. This information system will help the company when it comes to the payroll of employees by taking care of the information

Health Priorities in Australia Essay Example for Free

Health Priorities in Australia Essay 1. Using measures of epidemiology, investigate the health status of Australians. Health status is a holistic concept that is determined by more than the presence or absence of any disease. It is often summarised by life expectancy or self-assessed health status, and more broadly includes measures of functioning, physical illness, and mental wellbeing. Epidemiology is the study of disease in groups or populations through the collection of data and information, to identify patterns and causes. The measures of epidemiology are: Mortality- refers to the number of deaths in a given population from a particular cause and/or over a period of time. Infant Mortality- refers to the number of infant deaths in the first year of life, per 1,000 live births. Morbidity- is the incidence or level of illness, disease or injury in a given population. Life Expectancy- is the length of time a person can expect to live. More specifically, it refers to the average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age, based on current death rates. In Australia, the median age of death among the entire population in 2007 was 80.5 years old. In 2011 that statistic had risen to 81.5 years old, an increase of one year to the average life. In both years the leading cause of death among Australians was circulatory diseases (diseases of the heart and blood vessels) and the second leading cause in both years was cancer. Although the percentage of cancer deaths rose from 29.2% proportion of totals deaths to 29.8% and the percentage of circulatory disease deaths dropped from 33.8% of the populations deaths down to 31%. In the past 100 years the infant mortality rate as decreased by 95%, from more than one in ten deaths in the first year of life (100+ deaths per 1000 live births) to one in 200 deaths in the first year of life (5 deaths per 100 live births). This can be attributed to improved health education, public sanitation, improved medical diagnosis and improved support services for parents and new born babies. Most infant mortalities are caused by congenital malformations which are structural or functional anomalies which are present at the birth of a child, preventative causes of this disease are  improving the diet of women through their reproductive years, avoiding exposure to harsh environmental substances and improving vaccinations and health education. Information about the incidence and prevalence of the total population gives a broader perspective on the nation’s health than just the mortality statistics. Australia’s population has a lowering incidence of asthma and rising survival rate of cancer although since 1984 the incidence of five major cancers has risen (Breast, Prostrate, Melanoma, Colorectal and Lung) and a report from SMH in 2008 shows 7.4 million people are overweight or obese and the prevalence of diabetes climbs rapidly, along with these problems the amount of people affected by STI’s has risen to more than 230 per 100,000 people. According to AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) Australia is one of the healthiest nations in the world although Indigenous Australians lag behind in their health status. Australians live the second longest lives in world, behind Japan. The average Australian citizen will live to be 81.4 years old. And trends indicate that the expectancy of males and females is growing, since 2000 the life expectancy of males has grown from 77.4 years old to 79.7 years old, an increase of 2.3 years. The life expectancy of females since 2000 has grown from 82.6 up to 84.2, an increase of 1.6 years. This increase in the life expectancy of Australian residents indicates that their health is improving, with the help of increased knowledge and improved health services. Taking all of this information into account, using measures of epidemiology, the health status of Australians can be said to be relatively good compared with that of other nations. The improved health services and new discoveries in the health sector along with increased knowledge about health from the population also indicates that the health status of Australians may be improving. 2. Explain how health promotion, based on the Ottawa Charter, reflects social justice principles. Health promotion is a combination of science, medicine, practical skills and beliefs aimed at maintaining and improving the health of all people. The Ottawa Charter for health promotion promotes social justice as it incorporates the idea of giving all members of  the community access to health services and attempts to rule out inequities in differing communities. The Ottawa Charter does this through its five action areas: Building Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments, Strengthen Community Action, Develop Personal Skills and Reorient Health Services. All five of these action areas provide a building block for health promotions. The four principles of social justice are: Equity, Access, Participation and Rights. The way equity is reflected in health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter is through the action areas Building Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments and Reorient Health Services as these three areas bring together people onto an equal level and give specific help to those who need it, creating equity in communities. Access is reflected in health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter t hrough the action area Reorient Health Services, as this area of the charter aims to bring together health services, governing bodies and other health professionals in an attempt to give more adequate access to health services to those who need it. Also reflected is Participation, which can be based on the Ottawa Charter action areas through Building Healthy Public Policy, Strengthen Community Action and Develop Personal Skills. This can be known as empowering the communities and bringing the communities the education and information needed to know more about their own health. Lastly, Rights is reflected in health promotion through the action areas Create Supportive Environments and Reorient Health Services as they attempt to give equitable opportunities for good health to all individuals. With these four social justice principles reflected in health promotion, the overall health of Australia can be improved, examples of this include: ‘Quit for you Quit for two’ which promotes to pregnant women who smoke, who if they ceased their habit would be creating a more equal life for their expectant child and give them the right for an opportunity to good health. Another example would be the ‘Swap it’ campaign which aims at developing personal skills while creating equity through smart food choices. 3. Critically analyse how the action areas of the Ottawa Charter address Australia’s health priorities through ONE health promotion initiative. â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† Campaign by the Cancer Council of Australia was created in 1980 and revolved around Sid the Seagull who gave a constant reminder of the easy ways that the population of Australia would be able to avoid skin cancer; slip on a shirt, slop on sunscreen and slap on a hat. 27 year later the ad was upgraded to include; seek shade and slide on sunnies, thus creating the â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† song. The campaign aims to lower the prevalence and incidence of skin cancers in Australia. The action areas of the Ottawa Charter address Australia’s health priorities through this campaign. The action areas are: Building Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments, Strengthen Community Action, Develop Personal Skills and Reorient Health Services. Building Healthy Public Policy- Policies have been created due to increased awareness attributed to the â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† campaign; a commonly known policy would be the â€Å"No Hat, No Play† policy used in schools. This is used by teachers to protect children from skin cancer risks in the playground. Advantages of this would be that children will be increasingly protected and parents are given peace of mind, and no noticeable disadvantages are created by this policy. Create Supportive Environments- A noticeable environment change caused by the increased awareness of skin cancers would the addition of shaded areas to many public places. This creates an environment for the public population that is protected from harmful Ultraviolet sun rays. An advantage of this are that people can be outside but protected from skin cancer risks while a disadvantage would be that most of these shaded areas come at the expense of nature, eg- destruction of trees and/or other natural features. Strengthen Community Action- Two initiatives related to the ‘Slip Slop Slap† would be the introduction of Cancer Centres to many rural areas and the Relay for Life, which is about raising funds for the Cancer Council. These two initiatives can create awareness of skin cancer, while the former can save lives. Only advantages are created by these two initiatives, which are; increased knowledge, funds gained for research and practical use, the ability to detect cancers and save lives. Develop Personal Skills- The campaign of â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† uses a jingle to educate the Australian population. The TV ad itself is an educational video, which creates awareness of skin cancers in Australia. This leads to increased knowledge of how to protect yourself and others from skin cancers. An advantage of this is that the Australian public is being educated in their own home by the TV, although a disadvantage is that they do not know that  they are being directly educated. Reorient Health Services- A health service which has become operational due to increased awareness of skin cancers is the Skin Cancer @ Bondi checks, where on the beach at Bondi you can have a skin cancer check. This leads to a safer beach, as beachgoers can be precautious and have a skin cancer check. Advantages of this are that the population can be on the beach and get their skin checked at the same time as well as not have to book into a skin cancer centre for the check. A disadvantage may be that the check may not be a thorough as one performed in a more professional environment. Overall, the introduction of the â€Å"Slip Slop Slap† campaign and the readjustment to â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slid e† campaign has increased the awareness and knowledge of skin cancers in Australia. The action areas of the Ottawa Charter are relevant to the campaign and Australia’s health priorities.