Reagans Policy in Iran-Iraq War free essay sample

Analyzes U.S. tilt toward Iraq in 1980-1988. Background, overall Middle East policy, secret talks, aid, arms for hostages deal with Iran, aftermath. This research paper summarizes and evaluates the policies pursued by the Reagan Administration during the war between Iran and Iraq (1980-1988). The basic policy of the United States during that period was to maintain a balance of power in the Middle East which after 1982 resulted in a decided tilt of the United States to support of Iraq. That policy served American interests well during the war, except for one glaring inconsistency, the administrations abortive attempts to arrange arms for hostages deals with Iran which backfired and led to the Irangate controversy. The continuation of an accommodating policy toward Iraq after the end of the war is more controversial and led to the Gulf War, but President George Bush not President Ronald Reagan, must bear responsibility for not adapting policy

Atrocity And The American People Essays - Southeastern Europe

Atrocity And The American People Essays - Southeastern Europe Atrocity And The American People An atrocity is defined as An act of cruelty and violence inflicted by an enemy-armed force upon civilians or prisoners. Some believe this war in Kosovo is about politics. However, upon examination of the specifics of this conflict it is apparent that this is about religion. People must then decide whom, if anyone is committing these atrocities. Should the United States be involved in the dispute, and is it truly in the best interest of the American people? In the area once covered by the country of Yugoslavia, there has been a series of struggles for independence during the 1990's. These confrontations started in 1990 in Slovenia, 1991 in Croatia, and 1992 in Bosnia Herzegovina. Each of these conflicts has often been described as an ethnic conflict. In reality, the Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and Muslims in those countries share a common Slavic ethnic origin. They view themselves today as distinct peoples, largely because of their distinct religious heritages. In contrast, people in North America consider religion mainly as part of their personal/family identity. Because of the U.S. Constitution's first amendment, and the separation of church and state, Americans don't have a single faith group associated with their national feelings. Unlike the former Yugoslavia, the Kosovo conflict has both ethnic and religious components. The Kosovo conflict is fueled by ethnic and religious differences. Ethnicity is the cause between the Serbs, of Slavic origin, and ethnic Albanians. Religion has also been a conflict between Serbs, who are almost entirely followers of the Serbian Orthodox Church, and non-Serbs, who are overwhelmingly followers of Islam and Roman Catholicism. From the beginning NATO stated that this conflict would accelerate if NATO did not step in to help the Kosovos in their rebellion. If this conflict is like all of the rest why did America not step into other conflicts when there was a military force committing a larger genocide? These small civil conflicts are just like our civil war. Why did Britain not step in to help one side or the other? The British were intelligent, they knew that if American had a small army then they could come and take what they believed was theirs. The United States has nothing to gain by going into this conflict. Like all of the conflicts American has not gotten involved unless there was some type of gain. The gain is not something that we can see or touch, but more of respect from an organization to which the United States does not belong. When NATO was established, the United States was one of the original groups that started the organization; however the president at the time did not believe that we would need to belong to an organization that created peace instead of war. Over the years the United States has become one of the largest peace organization built. So now whenever NATO ask the United States to intervene in a conflict America must accept, otherwise suffer the consequence of looking bad in the eyes of the world and NATO. The issue is should the United States get involved? To the American people, this is another civil conflict that will waste American tax dollars. How can President Clinton explain to the American citizens that this war is anything but a political gain to his presidency? When President Clinton said that American soldiers would be going to Kosovo, people thought that they would be going to stop the killing of innocent civilians. All that we have seen in this conflict is the killing of civilians. So when will all of the killing stop? People have been asking this question for a very long time. The only answer that we continue to get from NATO is that there is no killing of civilians going on in Kosovo or Yugoslavian. Media correspondents and human rights investigators who are mainly located near the borders of Kosovo have collected massive amounts of data. They show that the Geneva Conventions concerning civilians are being ignored and that the Militaries are carrying out extremely seriou s war crimes on both sides of the sword. A war is being conducted in Kosovo and the rest of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The main players

What is Stereotyping

What is Stereotyping Free Online Research Papers A stereotype is a generalized perception of first impressions: behaviors presumed by a group of people judging with the eyes, criticizing ones outer appearance (or a population in general) to be associated with another specific group. Stereotypes, therefore, can instigate prejudice and false assumptions about entire groups of people, including the members of different ethnic groups, social classes, religious orders, the opposite sex, etc. A stereotype can be a conventional and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image, based on the assumption that there are attributes that members of the other group have in common. Stereotypes are sometimes formed by a previous illusory correlation, a false association between two variables that are loosely correlated if correlated at all. Though generally viewed as negative perceptions, stereotypes may be either positive or negative in tone. Sociologist Charles E. Hurst of the College of Wooster states that, â€Å"One reason for stereotypes is the lack of personal, concrete familiarity that individuals have with persons in other racial or ethnic groups. Lack of familiarity encourages the lumping together of unknown individuals†. Different disciplines give different accounts of how stereotypes develop: Psychologists focus on how experience with groups, patterns of communication about the groups, and intergroup conflict. Sociologists focus on the relations among groups and position of different groups in a social structure. Psychoanalytically-oriented humanists have argued (e.g., Sander Gilman) that stereotypes, by definition, the representations are not accurate, but a projection of one to another. Stereotypes are not accurate representations of groups, rather they arise as a means of explaining and justifying differences between groups, or system justification. Social status or group position determines stereotype content, not the actual personal characteristics of group members. Groups which enjoy fewer social and economic advantages will be stereotyped in a way which helps explain disparities, such as lower employment rates. Although disadvantaged group members may have greater difficulty finding a job due to in-group favoritism, racism, and related social forces, the disadvantaged group member is unjustifiably characterized as unmotivated (he could find a job if he looked hard enough), unintelligent (hes not smart enough to have that job), and lazy (he would rather take hand-outs than work). Stereotypes focus upon and thereby exaggerate differences between groups. Competition between groups minimizes similarities and magnifies differences. This makes it seem as if groups are very different when in fact they may be more alike than different. For example, among African Americans, identity as an American citizen is a more salient categorization than racial background; that is, African Americans are more American than African. Yet within American culture, Black and White Americans are often seen as completely different groups. For as long as there has been a human species, individuals have been different from one another. Persons have gravitated to groups of other persons like themselves. People create and develop categories of qualities by which to classify the groups; some were based on ancestry. Many of these groupings have become the key factors in determining which groups have political, social, and economic power in the world. Automatic stereotype activation can be totally involuntary, and is described as the activation of categorically associated nodes, according to Leopold and Brown from the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. For individual people there can be both positive and negative effects of a stereotype which is seen to apply to them. The overall effects of stereotyping are seen by many to always be negative. Some people believe that stereotypes are generally based on actual differences. Others believe that they are always false generalizations (by definition). For some individual people the effects of this might be positive or negative a separate issue to whether they are positive or negative for society. Stereotypes can be self-fulfilling to at least some extent. Stereotypes can be deeply embedded in a culture. The term stereotype is more often used once those perceived truths are put into arguments. There are some complicating factors which arise when the accuracy of stereotypes is discussed. One of these is that a factor leading to stereotyping can be the existence of a group of people who do share a characteristic. For instance, there might be a reasonably significant number of men working in sales roles, and showing little integrity and honesty. This can lead to the creation of a stereotype of a salesman figure. In this limited sense it might be seen that the stereotype is based on a real group of people (i.e. salesmen who behave with little integrity). Stereotype is often used as a form of dramatic shorthand for stock character. Stereotypes change with time. The unwitting use of some stereotypes appears awkward to a present-day audience which refuses to tolerate a representation of individuals based on that stereotype. Many other stereotypes pass unnoticed, sometimes even by those being stereotyped. Bibliography Hurst, Charles E. Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences. 6. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc, 2007 stereotypeandsociety.typepad.com/ http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/stereotypes.ht Research Papers on What is StereotypingWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

World War 1 - A Short Timeline of 1915

World War 1 - A Short Timeline of 1915 Germany now plotted a change of tactic, fighting defensively in the West and trying to defeat Russia in the east quickly by attacking, while the Allies aimed to break through on their respective fronts. Meanwhile, Serbia came under increased pressure and Britain planned to attack Turkey. January 8: Germany forms a southern army to support the faltering Austrians. Germany would have to send ever more troops to prop up what became a puppet regime. January 19: First German Zeppelin raid on British mainland. January 31: The first use of poison gas in WW1, by Germany at Bolimow in Poland. This ushers in a terrible new era in warfare, and soon the allied nations join in with their own gas. February 4: Germany declares submarine blockade of Britain, with all approaching ships considered targets. This is the start of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. When this is restarted later in the war it causes Germany to lose. February 7 - 21: Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes, no gains. (EF) March 11: The Reprisals Order, in which Britain banned all neutral parties from trading with Germany. As Germany was suffering a naval blockade by Britain this became a serious issue. The US was supposedly neutral, but couldnt get supplies to Germany if it had wanted to. (It didnt.) March 11 - 13 : Battle of Neuve-Chapelle. (WF) March 18: Allied ships attempt to bombard areas of the Dardanelles, but their failure causes the development of an invasion plan. April 22 - May 25: Second Battle of Ypres (WF); BEF casualties are triple those of Germans. April 25: The Allied ground assault begins in Gallipoli. (SF) The plan has been rushed, the equipment is poor, commanders who would later prove themselves act badly. It is a colossal mistake. April 26: The Treaty of London is signed, in which Italy joins the Entente. They have a secret agreement which gives them land in a victory. April 22: Poison Gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres. May 2-13: Battle of Gorlice-Tarnow, in which the Germans push Russia back. May 7: The Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine; casualties include 124 Americans passengers. This inflames US opinion against Germany and submarine warfare. June 23 - July 8: First Battle of Isonzo, an Italian offensive against fortified Austrian positi ons along a 50-mile front. Italy makes ten more attacks between 1915 and 1917 in the same place (The Second - Eleventh Battles of Isonzo) for no real gains. (IF) July 13-15: The German Triple Offensive begins, aiming to destroy the Russian army. July 22: The Great Retreat (2) is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them. September 1: After American outrage, Germany officially stops sinking passenger vessels without warning. September 5: Tsar Nicholas II makes himself Russian Commander-in-Chief. This directly leads to him being blamed for failure and the collapse of the Russian monarchy. September 12: After the failure of the Austrian Black Yellow offensive (EF), Germany takes over ultimate control of Austro-Hungarian forces. September 21 - November 6: Allied offensive leads to Battles of Champagne, Second Artois and Loos; no gains. (WF) November 23: German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian forces push the Serbian army into exile; Serbia falls. December 10: The Allies begin slowly withdrawing from Gallipoli; they complete by January 9 1916. The landing has been a total failure, costing a huge number of lives. December 18: Douglas Haig appointed British Commander-in-Chief; he replaces John French. December 20th: In The Falkenhayn Memorandum, the Central Powers propose to bleed the French White through a war of attrition. The key is using Verdun Fortress as a French meat grinder. Despite attacking on the Western Front, Britain and France make few gains; they also incur hundreds of thousands more casualties than their enemy. The Gallipoli landings also fail, causing the resignation of a certain Winston Churchill from British government. Meanwhile, the Central Powers achieve what looks like success in the East, pushing the Russians back into Belorussia...but this had happened before - against Napoleon - and would happen again, against Hitler. Russias manpower, manufacturing and army remained strong, but casualties had been huge. Next page 1916 Page 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Chinese economic developments in the nineteenth century Essay

Chinese economic developments in the nineteenth century - Essay Example The paper will also look at China’s scope in foreign trade and the changing trends occasioned by a variety of trading empires from the west and in particular the period of treaty port which opened up china’s ports to the world. On focus is china’s conflict with a growing west of the 19th century especially England which was confrontational. Another consideration is the crises being experienced then in China due to rebellion and other natural and social issues that opened her market to the west. China in the 19th century Just as the emergence of China in the 21st century has had a drastic effect on the Western economies today, the same can be said, but in reverse, of China two centuries ago when European countries took over as the world economic power houses rendering China as a client state. China’s volume of foreign exchange continued to be low and restricted but later a remarkable increase was witnessed as product from different corners especially Europe and neighboring Far East countries started flowing into the Chinese market (Keller, Li and Shiue 2010, p. 1). Below is a graphical illustration showing China’s foreign trade with the leading economies between 1865 and 1900. Source: Keller, Li and Shiue (2010, P.42). Chinese ports became the conduit by which foreign goods were transited through. During this period China was still prosperous with a great endowment of natural resources; a colossal though contented populace that boasted of a prestigious royal dynasty domestically and overseas (Asia for Educators 2004, p. 1). China’s dynastic empire was the leading economy in the world at the start of 19th century and her Gross Domestic Product (GDP) surpassed the combined GDPs of Western Europe, the North America, Japan and...This essay offers a retrospective comprehensive review of the economic developments in China during the nineteenth century. The paper explores Chinese scope in foreign trade in that period and the ch anging trends, which were occasioned by a variety of trading empires from the west and in particular the period of treaty port which opened up china’s ports to the world. Just as the emergence of China in the twenty first century has had a drastic effect on the Western economies today, the same can be said, but in reverse, of China two centuries ago when European countries took over as the world economic power houses rendering China as a client state. The entry into China by the Europeans and the subsequent forced opening of Chinese port and eventual setting up of treaty ports that favored the West over the Chinese culminated into an influx of a variety of products range and goods as well, as we saw above the smuggling of opium an item that led to the opium wars. This resulted into China increasingly turning to a client state during the period of nineteenth century as imported rate of imported new goods grew yearly Two centuries ago China suffered humiliation from the west when her territory was defiled and their culture trampled upon. From the rich history of China it is evident that though the West forcefully entered China and imposed its agenda selfishly by compelling the Chinese leadership to enter into biased treaties, a thing the Chinese detested, in the long run it is the Chinese who have benefited.

Urban Tourism report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Urban Tourism report - Essay Example 48). Tourists chose to visit different places based on their preferences and all the cities and countries have different aspects that attract different kinds of visitors (Xiang & Tussyadiah, 2013, p. 4). For instance, people prefer to go to Egypt to see the mummies and the pyramids while they prefer to go to London as it has numerous museums and art galleries among other attractions. With this in mind, it can be concluded that tourism is a growing industry considering that most of the countries are striving to promote tourism while others depend on it completely. In this report, urban tourism in Edinburgh will be analysed with specific reference to the Royal Military Edinburgh Tattoo. This report will elaborate on the history of the Royal Military Edinburgh Tattoo and how it has developed to become what it is today together with the aspects that affect it. Urban tourism is a wide concept that entails of the forms of entertainment activities that are heal in different cities along with other activities that involve food, shopping and families among others (Hayllar, Griffin & Edwards, 2008, p. 142). Different people prefer to visit different cities and other urban areas for different reasons with their main attractions being special events, art galleries and cultural events among others (Coles & Timothy, 2004, p. 282). In order to attract external visitors, a city’s image is very important as the tourists have particular expectation in regard to the behaviour and attitudes of the people in these cities as well as the infrastructure and other aspects. Making the urban environment better and enhancing all the services and facilities in various cities are important as far as the attraction of tourists is concerned. These improvements include developing good infrastructure that will transportation smoother, creating better trade poli cies that will provide a good atmosphere for shopping, providing access to the latest information

Pre-service teachers dealing with autism Research Paper

Pre-service teachers dealing with autism - Research Paper Example The focus in this paper is on teaching that can be considered as an art form. Educators need to make learning an enjoyable experience for their students without sacrificing the quality of education that they as teachers would deliver. There have been scholarly revisions that have been made through the years as researches and further studies are conducted to cope up with changes in views about certain subjects and theories. Research papers are being published from time to time to further explain and elaborate on certain issues that people are facing in their everyday lives. Teaching can be compared to researches as both needs to up-to-date, reliable and well-explained. Firstly, the targeted group should be recognized and not just be included in figures. Therefore, was autism properly defined in the paper or how would a person with autism react? The definition of autism was given as a developmental disorder that has not been very well expounded to the public since the early days of its detection. What is being referred to as the â€Å"autistic syndrome† is considered as a biological condition that needs the medical involvement. There have been studies about it however the public is not well-aware of why and how it transpires. The general public still has questions on how they would treat people who has the disorder. Even educators have questions on what teaching style or approach would be effective for students with autism. ... Even educators have questions on what teaching style or approach would be effective for students with autism. As further reading was made on the paper, a question arises as to why a little attention was given to what supposed to be the sample group for the teachings which is being designed. There has been very little effort that has been made through the years to further educate the public about autism. For a teaching method to be considered as well-planned and deliberated, the targeted group should be verified and known. The research paper only focused on the educators and how and what lessons would be given to the group of students who are mentally challenged. However, it was not identified on how these students would behave and react in certain situations especially with the approach that the pre-service teachers will be using. The design or structure that was used in the paper can be said to be straight to the point. However, it was only done in a way that only one end of the pro ject would benefit. As it has been stated previously, it was only the educators’ side that was given the attention. Consideration should also be given to the students with autism as they would also be an end benefactor of the research. The success or failure of the theories and methodologies is dependent on the way students would react on how pre-service educators would deliver the lessons to them. Therefore, students are also an important factor in this research and not just teachers. It was not the only concern that can be addressed towards the authors. Another aspect of the paper which can be a cause of uncertainty is that a couple of references that were used were quite outdated. There are more than 2 decades that separates the research paper and

Causes of back injuries and methods of its preventing Essay

Causes of back injuries and methods of its preventing - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the significance of the impact of safe lifting has turned out to be not generally acknowledged in the globe. Many reasons have been explained in relation to work area safety. In this paper, we discuss a variable that has not been given the attention it deserves in the argument about safe lifting and health in places of work. The case of escalating back injuries has for the most part been overlooked in contingency plans by business organization. Many organizations with low levels of employee safety and health ultimately find themselves in a situation we call a â€Å"safety trap.† This state of affairs concerns both the employees and the employers. High levels of back injuries and poor lifting methods bring about higher rates of insurance premiums. If the premium rates are high, it is both the employers and employees who suffer in the long term. The employer suffers in that they are forced to incur extra costs by paying the high r ates for insurance premiums while the employees suffer in that they sometimes suffer negative life changing injuries which end up decapitating them for the rest of their lives. At present, the total cost of premiums being paid out by the business sums up to a massive $78,000. At the implementation of the project, we hope to reduce this by a whopping 70% and if possible wipe out the issue of high premiums being paid out. A sharp increase has been detected in back strain injuries and days lost due to these injuries which has also seen an increase in insurance premium costs. JIM’S CLEANING will make sure that probable back injury risk factors in its amenities are evaluated and restricted. This regular practice order is planned to tackle broadly the issues of; Evaluating back injury concerns, evaluating engineering measures, job practices, organizational measures, and

Fictitious Business Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fictitious Business Description - Essay Example When choosing suitable HRIS, there are a lot of factors or questions to consider. The following are just few of the important factors to consider. One of the most important things to consider is to know the degree of flexibility and scalability that the HR information technology software provides. This should address if the software can import data from multiple Excel spreadsheets, databases, and paper documents and the level with which it can interface with all kinds of systems and data. Another factor to consider is if the software can accommodate the rules of the company and the benefit carriers as to make sure that each enrolment activity will be evaluated and necessary combination of rules can be applied. The next thing to consider is the ability to grow as the company grows with new employees, offices, benefit changes and rules. The capability of the software to integrate with other systems should also be considered. The company should also know who is responsible for implement ing or building the solution and must have a clear understanding of the level of training and expertise required and amount of time expected. The data should make sure that the data is owned by the Human Resources organization. Company should also take a look at the upkeep and maintenance required. There are still numerous questions to consider. ... Within the human resource management area, these decisions include recruitment decisions; job analysis and design decisions, training and development decisions, and employee compensation plan decisions. In a Tactical Information System, this type of information system includes Job Analysis and Design Information Systems, Recruitment Information Systems, Compensation and Benefits Information Systems, and Employee Trainings and Development Systems. The Job Analysis and Design Information Systems can help Mr. Morgan in his problem about answering questions and communicating with his employees. This information system is designed to take care of the information inputted to the job analysis from interviews with workers, supervisors, labour unions, government, competitors and other external sources (Types of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS), n.d.). The output from this will provide Mr. Morgan the basis for strategic human resource decisions. The Recruiting Information Systems will be very helpful to Mr. Morgan. This information system will collect and process the information needed to create a plan which includes the list of vacant positions, with the corresponding responsibilities and requirements; list of employees for transfer, termination, retirement and even summaries for appraisal of employees (Types of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS), n.d.). The other component of tactical HRIS is the Compensation and Benefits Information Systems which will help Mr. Morgan in taking care of the employees’ payroll. This information system will help the company when it comes to the payroll of employees by taking care of the information

Health Priorities in Australia Essay Example for Free

Health Priorities in Australia Essay 1. Using measures of epidemiology, investigate the health status of Australians. Health status is a holistic concept that is determined by more than the presence or absence of any disease. It is often summarised by life expectancy or self-assessed health status, and more broadly includes measures of functioning, physical illness, and mental wellbeing. Epidemiology is the study of disease in groups or populations through the collection of data and information, to identify patterns and causes. The measures of epidemiology are: Mortality- refers to the number of deaths in a given population from a particular cause and/or over a period of time. Infant Mortality- refers to the number of infant deaths in the first year of life, per 1,000 live births. Morbidity- is the incidence or level of illness, disease or injury in a given population. Life Expectancy- is the length of time a person can expect to live. More specifically, it refers to the average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age, based on current death rates. In Australia, the median age of death among the entire population in 2007 was 80.5 years old. In 2011 that statistic had risen to 81.5 years old, an increase of one year to the average life. In both years the leading cause of death among Australians was circulatory diseases (diseases of the heart and blood vessels) and the second leading cause in both years was cancer. Although the percentage of cancer deaths rose from 29.2% proportion of totals deaths to 29.8% and the percentage of circulatory disease deaths dropped from 33.8% of the populations deaths down to 31%. In the past 100 years the infant mortality rate as decreased by 95%, from more than one in ten deaths in the first year of life (100+ deaths per 1000 live births) to one in 200 deaths in the first year of life (5 deaths per 100 live births). This can be attributed to improved health education, public sanitation, improved medical diagnosis and improved support services for parents and new born babies. Most infant mortalities are caused by congenital malformations which are structural or functional anomalies which are present at the birth of a child, preventative causes of this disease are  improving the diet of women through their reproductive years, avoiding exposure to harsh environmental substances and improving vaccinations and health education. Information about the incidence and prevalence of the total population gives a broader perspective on the nation’s health than just the mortality statistics. Australia’s population has a lowering incidence of asthma and rising survival rate of cancer although since 1984 the incidence of five major cancers has risen (Breast, Prostrate, Melanoma, Colorectal and Lung) and a report from SMH in 2008 shows 7.4 million people are overweight or obese and the prevalence of diabetes climbs rapidly, along with these problems the amount of people affected by STI’s has risen to more than 230 per 100,000 people. According to AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) Australia is one of the healthiest nations in the world although Indigenous Australians lag behind in their health status. Australians live the second longest lives in world, behind Japan. The average Australian citizen will live to be 81.4 years old. And trends indicate that the expectancy of males and females is growing, since 2000 the life expectancy of males has grown from 77.4 years old to 79.7 years old, an increase of 2.3 years. The life expectancy of females since 2000 has grown from 82.6 up to 84.2, an increase of 1.6 years. This increase in the life expectancy of Australian residents indicates that their health is improving, with the help of increased knowledge and improved health services. Taking all of this information into account, using measures of epidemiology, the health status of Australians can be said to be relatively good compared with that of other nations. The improved health services and new discoveries in the health sector along with increased knowledge about health from the population also indicates that the health status of Australians may be improving. 2. Explain how health promotion, based on the Ottawa Charter, reflects social justice principles. Health promotion is a combination of science, medicine, practical skills and beliefs aimed at maintaining and improving the health of all people. The Ottawa Charter for health promotion promotes social justice as it incorporates the idea of giving all members of  the community access to health services and attempts to rule out inequities in differing communities. The Ottawa Charter does this through its five action areas: Building Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments, Strengthen Community Action, Develop Personal Skills and Reorient Health Services. All five of these action areas provide a building block for health promotions. The four principles of social justice are: Equity, Access, Participation and Rights. The way equity is reflected in health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter is through the action areas Building Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments and Reorient Health Services as these three areas bring together people onto an equal level and give specific help to those who need it, creating equity in communities. Access is reflected in health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter t hrough the action area Reorient Health Services, as this area of the charter aims to bring together health services, governing bodies and other health professionals in an attempt to give more adequate access to health services to those who need it. Also reflected is Participation, which can be based on the Ottawa Charter action areas through Building Healthy Public Policy, Strengthen Community Action and Develop Personal Skills. This can be known as empowering the communities and bringing the communities the education and information needed to know more about their own health. Lastly, Rights is reflected in health promotion through the action areas Create Supportive Environments and Reorient Health Services as they attempt to give equitable opportunities for good health to all individuals. With these four social justice principles reflected in health promotion, the overall health of Australia can be improved, examples of this include: ‘Quit for you Quit for two’ which promotes to pregnant women who smoke, who if they ceased their habit would be creating a more equal life for their expectant child and give them the right for an opportunity to good health. Another example would be the ‘Swap it’ campaign which aims at developing personal skills while creating equity through smart food choices. 3. Critically analyse how the action areas of the Ottawa Charter address Australia’s health priorities through ONE health promotion initiative. â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† Campaign by the Cancer Council of Australia was created in 1980 and revolved around Sid the Seagull who gave a constant reminder of the easy ways that the population of Australia would be able to avoid skin cancer; slip on a shirt, slop on sunscreen and slap on a hat. 27 year later the ad was upgraded to include; seek shade and slide on sunnies, thus creating the â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† song. The campaign aims to lower the prevalence and incidence of skin cancers in Australia. The action areas of the Ottawa Charter address Australia’s health priorities through this campaign. The action areas are: Building Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments, Strengthen Community Action, Develop Personal Skills and Reorient Health Services. Building Healthy Public Policy- Policies have been created due to increased awareness attributed to the â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† campaign; a commonly known policy would be the â€Å"No Hat, No Play† policy used in schools. This is used by teachers to protect children from skin cancer risks in the playground. Advantages of this would be that children will be increasingly protected and parents are given peace of mind, and no noticeable disadvantages are created by this policy. Create Supportive Environments- A noticeable environment change caused by the increased awareness of skin cancers would the addition of shaded areas to many public places. This creates an environment for the public population that is protected from harmful Ultraviolet sun rays. An advantage of this are that people can be outside but protected from skin cancer risks while a disadvantage would be that most of these shaded areas come at the expense of nature, eg- destruction of trees and/or other natural features. Strengthen Community Action- Two initiatives related to the ‘Slip Slop Slap† would be the introduction of Cancer Centres to many rural areas and the Relay for Life, which is about raising funds for the Cancer Council. These two initiatives can create awareness of skin cancer, while the former can save lives. Only advantages are created by these two initiatives, which are; increased knowledge, funds gained for research and practical use, the ability to detect cancers and save lives. Develop Personal Skills- The campaign of â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide† uses a jingle to educate the Australian population. The TV ad itself is an educational video, which creates awareness of skin cancers in Australia. This leads to increased knowledge of how to protect yourself and others from skin cancers. An advantage of this is that the Australian public is being educated in their own home by the TV, although a disadvantage is that they do not know that  they are being directly educated. Reorient Health Services- A health service which has become operational due to increased awareness of skin cancers is the Skin Cancer @ Bondi checks, where on the beach at Bondi you can have a skin cancer check. This leads to a safer beach, as beachgoers can be precautious and have a skin cancer check. Advantages of this are that the population can be on the beach and get their skin checked at the same time as well as not have to book into a skin cancer centre for the check. A disadvantage may be that the check may not be a thorough as one performed in a more professional environment. Overall, the introduction of the â€Å"Slip Slop Slap† campaign and the readjustment to â€Å"Slip Slop Slap Seek Slid e† campaign has increased the awareness and knowledge of skin cancers in Australia. The action areas of the Ottawa Charter are relevant to the campaign and Australia’s health priorities.

Management And Leadership Across Culture Management Essay

Management And Leadership Across Culture Management Essay Leadership and motivation has been very important relating to achieving company goals . We can find lots of theories in leadership and motivation. The main purpose of the study is to critically evaluate theories of leadership and motivation and how this is related to managing cultural diversity and how the organization apply the techniques of leadership and motivation in organization . These days hospitality and tourism has been recognised as a social phenomenon with a variety of social-cultural impacts at both the individual and global levels, and has been a diverse and momentous reality that all social sciences think. The study of tourism and its changes reflect the arrival of new approaches and ways of thinking in modern society as the changes in tourism reflect the changes from modern society to postmodern society. The organisational challenges of tourism are discussed contextualizing the analysis within the concepts of leadership, motivation, work performance, ethics, personality, and rewards. (www.environmental challenges tourism). Most of business organisations were able to achieve their business goals and objectives by incorporating creative leadership and motivating staff. There are observations which claim that companies are constantly challenge by the fact that the control and creative aspect of business are diametrically opposed. As such, effective planning, control, organisation, and coordination within hospitality and tourism industry must be clear from the efficiency and effectiveness of the services offered.  Business leadership and management characterises the process of leading and directing the systems within an organisation by shattering available resources widely so as to achieve the objectives of the business operation. It most of the time includes the conceptualization of business plans and monitoring its execution for assessment and evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of the business transactions. Good leadership help in effectively meeting job-related demands, co ordinations, com mitment, in creating higher-performing teams, in fostering renewed loyalty and commitment, in increasing motivational level and in reducing absence and turnover of employees. Effective leadership and employee motivation is very essential and crucial to the survival and continued existence of service industry. It is such an important and wide field of study, and thus has enjoyed contributions from a host of authors and scholars. This research attempts an overview of some of the most insightful theories within the field of workplace motivation and leadership (Meyer and Allen, 1997). The very nature of this topic resides on the crossover between psychology and management, and concepts from these two genres will be investigated with a view to setting this research project against some kind of meaningful context. It is hard to cover all aspect of that influence in the success of hospitality and tourism industry but in this assay author tried to explore leadership and motivation of employ ees factors. Chapter 2: Reviewing theories of Leadership and Motivation The effective leader should think and act about his own Leadership style, strengths, and development needs. Team leader should make the individuals, feel proud to be part of the team then people will work harder and achieve more. Goals of the organisation achieved or not depended on how effective the Leader was. So leadership play important role in the organisation. Leadership is the heart and soul of organisations, and quality communication is the avenue by which leaders clarify their visions and foster participative management within organisations, no matter which approach best describes their leadership styles Management and leadership across cultures The international nature of the hospitality and tourism industry requires managers of the future to be aware of many different issues relating to leading people. They need the knowledge and skills necessary to lead and motivate workforces across many different cultural backgrounds. This issue is one of great importance and very relevant to effective management of organisations in a global setting. Indicative content Leadership in organisations Culture and leadership Theories of motivation Managing diversity According to Wright Taylor (1994), Leadership is an activity which influenced the Behaviour, beliefs and feelings of other group members in an intended direction. Influence may take place at a distance without any personal interaction between the people concerned .Leader can acquisitive the interpersonal skills through practice with feedback and guidance. According to Vecchio (1997) view Leadership is a sense-making heuristic to account for organisational performance and is important primarily for its symbolic role in organisations. Zaccaro (2001) said Leadership is a process of giving purpose to collective effort, and causing willing effort to be expended to achieve purpose The first responsibility of a leader is to define reality. The last is to say thank you. In between the two, the leader must become a servant and a debtor. That sums up the progress of an artful leader Concept, ideas of leadership and leadership practices are the subject of much thought, discussion, writing, teaching, and learning. True leaders are sought after and cultivated. Leadership is not an easy subject to explain. A friend of mine characterizes leaders simply like this: Leaders don`t inflict pain; they bear pain. TRAIT APPROACHES KONOPASKE (2008) said thinking and discussion about leadership evolved from a trait-based approach to the concept of teams without bosses. Trait approach is an attempt to identify specific characteristics (physical, mental, personality) associated with leadership success. Trait theory of leadership is based on intelligence, personality, physical characteristics and supervisory ability. In trait approach leaders are born, not made because some people are born with their charisma and other personality traits, seems to be natural born leaders whom others will follow automatically. People possessing charismatic traits need to learn to use and develop those leadership traits consciously. Many successful leaders do not possess a common body of personality traits which explain their leadership abilities. In fact, many great Quality leadership depends neither on charisma nor on personality traits (www.1). Surveys of early trait research by stodgily (1948) and Mann (1959) reported that many studies identified personality characteristics that appear to differentiate leaders from followers (www.2). Peter Wright (1996) has commented, others found no differences between leaders and followers with respect to these characteristics, or even found people who possessed them were less likely to become leaders Central to effective leadership. BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH According to Taylor (1994) behavioural approach of leadership concerned with the behaviour, rather than personality traits. Behavioural theories concerned with the leader in the context of organisation and identify behaviours exhibited by leaders that increase the effectiveness of the organisation. In mastering the role of leadership, leaders must discern between behaviour modification and attitude modification. Behaviour modification implies that people change their outward actions, while their attitudes, beliefs, feelings, and opinions remain the same. Attitude modification implies that followers change their inward thinking; hence, their attitudes, feelings, and opinions are brought into line with those of the leader. It is clear that attitude modification is more important to effect lasting change than behaviour modification (www.3). Two sub-categories: Examines how managers spend their time and the typical pattern of activities, responsibilities, and functions of managerial jobs Leadership effectiveness depends in part on how well a manager resolves role conflicts, copes with demands, recognizes opportunities, and overcomes constraints 2) Identifying effective leadership behaviour Purpose of Leadership Leadership is involves making employees into group and being accountable, responsible for focusing and motivating to achieve goals. A leader should: provide continuity and momentum be flexible in allowing changes of direction Ideally, a leader should be a few steps ahead of their team, but not too far for the team to be able to understand and follow them. a. Skills needed b. Different Ideas of Leadership Skills Needed Leaders must have a wide range of skills, techniques and strategies. These include: Planning Communication skills Organisation Awareness of the wider environment As hospitality and tourism industry based entirely on service quality so manager need to use their communication skill as there are customers and employees from all over the world they have different language background so it is important to use effective communication skill also aware of wider environment. Different Ideas of Leadership Leadership should be concentrated in one person or distributed among members of the team. Leader was appointed by more senior levels of management or elected by the group. This technique relies on the assumption that one single person has all the strengths required. [www.5] Olmsyead (2000) said directing the team is critical tests of leadership skills because it is a growing and shifting relationship between the two people. According to Olmsyead (2000) directing the team is motivating the subordinates Motivation means Cause (person) to act in a particular way; stimulate interest of (person in activity) [www.3]. The effective leader should think and act about his own Leadership style, strengths, and development needs. Team leader should make the individuals, feel proud to be part of the team then people will work harder and achieve more. Goals of the organisation achieved or not depended on how effective the Leader was. So leadership play important role in the organisation. Leadership is the heart and soul of organisations, and quality communication is the avenue by which leaders clarify their visions and foster participative management within organisations, no matter which approach best describes their leadership styles Motivation Hospitality industry is a big industry in the world and the worlds largest employer. It is a labour intensive Industry. Wherever you need human input, motivation is crucial for success, especially for service industry. People are the part of the product in delivery service. If employees are not motivated, their performance will drop or customers will know and complain. The question for hospitality industry businesses is how to get the best from employees, how to encourage and persuade them to do what they are supposed to be doing to the best of their ability all the time. So that, it is strongly proved that motivating the employees is essential key to increase the competitiveness in the organisation environment. Motivation is the key for employees to run the hospitality industry successfully, if the industry does not possess the ability to motivate its employees, the knowledge within the organisation is not practically used to a maximum. Therefore, it becomes the aim of every successful learning hotel industry to find the factors that enable it to motivate its employees to continuous learning and to take advantage of this knowledge to ensure its living. Many motivational theories have been constructed to find these motivational factors, but the values of the employees in the specific organisation like tourism are seldom included in the theories. Since a suitable combination of motivational factors only can be created through an understanding of the values in the measured object (i.e. employees), this can be seen as a risk for validity problems in the measuring instrument. Significance of Motivation in Hospitality and Tourism Industry: Motivation refers to the reason why we do things. A dictionary defines motivation as: The psychological feature that arouses an organism to action towards a desired goal, the reason for that action. (Source: Dictionary.com) A simple definition of motivation is the ability to change behaviour. It is a drive that compels one to act because human behaviour is directed toward some goal. . Motivation is internal; it comes from within based on personal interests, desires, and need for fulfilment. However, external factors such as rewards, praise, and promotions also influence motivation. As defined by Daft (1997), motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. Here is the particular importance with the motivation, because the organisations always expect a high quality performance. All the time it is not possible to the employees, so that the training needs and motivation is essential to the employees. Motivation can do such things as they are 1. Direct behaviour towards to particular goals. 2. Its lead to increase effort and energy. 3. Increase their initiation, persistence and activities. 4. Enhance the cognitive processing. 5. Determine what consequences are reinforcing. 6. Lead to improve their performance. The persons in their employment they usually try to motivate themselves, even though organisation can maintain the crucial role to motivate the employees. MOTIVATION FACTORS: The employees can be motivated by different factors in a learning organisation, such they are The works itself that many people believe in their work and feel they are making a difference. that is enough to motivate them Recognition being recognised for the contribution that you are making is something that many of us want and need Achievement seeing the results of what we do and knowing that we had a part in that result Responsibility being given responsibility is something that people enjoy, they respond to being given responsibility Advancement and personal growth part of recognition is the opportunity to be able to advance yourself to be given more challenging tasks and be seen as being capable of doing such tasks. MOTIVATION THEORIES: The employees who are committed to achieving organisational objectives generally outperform those who are not committed. Those who are intrinsically rewarded by accomplishments in the workplace are satisfied with their jobs and are individuals with high self-esteem. Therefore, an important part of management is to help make work more satisfying and rewarding for employees and to keep employee motivation consistent with organisational objectives. With the diversity of contemporary workplaces, this is a complex task. Many factors, including the influences of different cultures, affect what people value and what is rewarding to them. From a managers perspective, it is important to understand what prompts people, what influences them, and why they persist in particular actions. Quick (1985) presented these four underlying principles that are important to understanding motivation: People have reasons for everything they do. Whatever people choose as a goal is something they believe is good for them. The goal people choose must be seen as attainable. The conditions under which the work is done can affect its value to the employee and his or her perceptions of attainability or success. PROCESS THEORIES: Process theories help to explain how individuals motivation of an employee to select particular behaviours and how individuals determine if these behaviours meet their needs. Because these theories involve rational selection, concepts of cognition are employed. Cognition, according to Petri (1996), is generally used to describe those intellectual or perceptual processes occurring within us when we analyze and interpret both the world around us and our own thoughts and actions. The expectancy theory is based on an individuals effort and performance, as well as the desirability of outcomes associated with high performance. The value of or preference for a particular outcome is called valence. To determine valence, people will ask themselves whether or not they can accomplish a goal, how important is the goal to them (in the immediate as well as the long term), and what course of action will provide the greatest reward. An individuals expectation of actually achieving the outcome is crucial to success, and many factors influence this. The expectancy theory says that individuals have different sets of goals and can be motivated if they believe that: There is a positive correlation between efforts and performance, Favourable performance will result in a desirable reward, The reward will satisfy an important need, The desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to make the effort worthwhile. Valence refers to the emotional orientations people hold with respect to outcomes like rewards. The depth of the want of an employee for extrinsic money, promotion, time-off, benefits or basic satisfaction rewards. Management must discover what employees value. Expectancy Employees have different expectations and levels of confidence about what they are capable of doing. Management must discover what resources, training, or supervision employees need. Instrumentality The awareness of employees whether they will actually get what they desire even if it has been promised by a manager. Management must ensure that promises of rewards are fulfilled and that employees are aware of that The expectancy theory can be applied through incentive systems that identify desired outcomes and give all workers the same opportunities to achieve rewards, such as stock ownership or other recognition for achievement. Given that communication satisfaction plays an influential role in motivating employees, it would be important for hotel managers to pay attention to communicating with employees. In this regard, it would be beneficial for hotel managers to understand how well satisfied employees are with communication. managers needs to be open to new ideas; managers listen and pay attention to employee; managers communications with employee to make them feel an important part of hotel also offers guidance for solving job-related problems and receive on-time information needed to do job. Conflicts are handled appropriately through proper communication channels; managements communications with employees are accurate and organised; managers know and understand the problems faced by emp loyees. Overall, managers are willing to listen to employees and accept ideas from employees, so employees feel they are part of the organisation. Other issue employees may face is whose first language is not English work in the hotel industry. Here, communication might play a more important role in motivating employees. Managers should respect employees and understand cultural differences. In particular, managers should give clear and precise instructions to let employees know their job description, performance evaluation, service quality, and hotel values. Always providing prompt feedback, encouraging job involvement, and truly caring for employees make communication successful. The equity theory focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated in comparison to others. The equity exists when people consider their compensation equal to the compensation of others who perform similar work. People judge equity by comparing inputs (such as education, experience, effort, and ability) to outputs (such as pay, recognition, benefits, and promotion). REINFORCEMENT THEORIES: A theory of reinforcement explains employee should have time maintenance as well the motivation structured by management. This theory based not on need but on the relationship between behaviour and its consequences. In the workplace, these theories can be applied to change or modify on-the-job behaviour through rewards and punishments. This theory takes into consideration both motivation and the environment, focusing on stimulus and response relationships. Through his research, Skinner noted that a stimulus will initiate behaviour; thus, the stimulus is an antecedent to behaviour. The behaviour will generate a result; therefore, results are consequences of behaviour.(McCoy, 1992) The four types of reinforcement are the following: Positive reinforcement: The application of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behaviour, such as giving praise. Negative reinforcement: The removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behaviour, such as a manager no longer reminding a worker about a weekly deadline when the worker meets the deadline. This reinforcement is also called avoidance. Punishment: The application of an unpleasant outcome when an undesirable behaviour occurs to reduce the likelihood of that behaviour happening again. This form of reinforcement does not indicate a correct behaviour, so its use in business is not usually appropriate. Extinction: The withdrawal of a positive reward. If the behaviour is no longer positively reinforced, then it is less likely to occur in the future and it will gradually disappear. From the argument clearly conclude that motivation is the essential need to the employees to enhance their abilities, it is also important to the management, to provide the training needs to motivate the persons and involve them particularly in socio cultural things. Chapter 3 :A Case of Leadership and Motivation in Hilton Manchester Deansgate The management and leadership method of Hilton Manchester Deansgate has a huge effect on its working atmosphere and the employees inspiration. The progress of a finest leadership style and executive skills that is the most proper to an organization is vital, having a key effect on its life duration. Hiltons Managers world class leadership style helps the hotel to attain its goals . There are two types of leadership styles, one that is task-oriented and the other that is employee-oriented. A manager with a task-oriented style will have work results as his major concerns; and therefore, he will enlarge rigid policy that would lead the subordinates into working their errands to reach his preferred results. Case Study The purpose of this study was to explore the similarities and differences in motivation and organisational commitment of employees and employee motivation and their level of organizational commitment. Interviews are taken from the basic stage of work group in Hilton hotel. Those interviews are in the form of face to face interviews, direct interviews. Interview questions in the form of multiple options with agree, strongly agree, disagree, strongly disagree and not applicable. So that involving employees can express their views by choosing the options, in this survey, over 25 employees from Manchester, involved and responded for the following 16 questions. It gives the view of leadership and employee motivation level in organisation. 1Q:- My work gives me feeling of personal success. A: Organizational success is ultimately depends on employee motivation and participation. Every job design will define the employee responsibilities, most of the employees feel that they are giving a good performance.25 employees responded, in that 19 employees agreed, 2 strongly agreed, 4 disagreed. 2Q:- I like the kind of work I do A: organisation responsibility to create the likely environment, so that all the employees can like to work. 25 employees responded in that 21 agreed, 2 strongly agreed, 2 disagreed. 3Q:- I know how my work relates to organisation mission and goals A: management needs to make aware their employees of organisation vision, mission, and goals. Employees should need to know what the goal of organisation is so that performs their work towards to organisation goals. 17 employees responded as agreed, 1 strongly agreed, 7 disagreed, 4Q:- I do give importance for my work A: it describes the organisation attitude and having impacts on outcomes. If employees feel their job is much important to them, than they can involve with much effectively. In higher range 23 employees agreed and 2 employees are disagreed. 5Q:- I feel my department gets support and teamwork from other areas within the Company. A: organisational development depends on employee training and development. Employees need proper training according to their jobs, to effective involvement. 18 agreed, 2 strongly agreed, 5 disagreed. 6Q:- Overall I am very much satisfied with my job at organisation. A: satisfaction does cost much in organisation. It effects on employee performance. 22 employees were agreed, , 3 disagreed,. 7Q:- My manager clearly defines my job responsibilities. A: job enrichment is the key factor to feel employees more responsible. Employees need to know their job responsibilities, management need to assign tasks to their employees. 24 employees responded as agreed only one employee disagrees with this issue. 8Q:-My manager/supervisor encourages high achievement by reducing the fear of failure. A: employees need motivation, encouragement to produce effective performance. 25 employees responded as agreed. 9Q:- My manager/supervisor takes responsibility for shaping the attitudes and relationships within our department. A: employee relations key task in organisation run successful for managers, they need maintain a good relation with employees, so that they can easily shape their attitude. 20 employees agreed 5 disagreed. 10Q:- My manager/supervisor clearly communicates what is expected of me. A: Employee communications mechanisms involve the provision and exchange of information and instructions, which enables an organisation to function effectively and its employees to be properly informed about developments. 24 employees responded agreed, 1disagreed. 11Q:- My manager/supervisor provides me with continuous feedback to help me achieve. A: every organisation need to provide the feedback so that employee can improve his performance to achieve organisation goals. 14 employees responded as agreed, 1 strongly agreed, 10 disagreed. 12Q:- Employees have a feeling of personal empowerment and ownership of work processes. A: empowerment gives to employees having autonomous decision-making capabilities and acting as partners in the business. 16 employees responded as agreed, 6 disagreed, 3 strongly disagreed. 13Q:- Satisfaction with involvement in decisions that affect work A: Employee satisfaction is an emotional state resulting from the experiences an employee feels at work. 17 employees responded as agreed, 1 employee strongly agreed, 7 employees disagreed with a kind of disappointment. 14Q:- I have a high level of respect for my organisations senior leaders and my colleagues. A: organisations values give feel employees to be respectful, so that everyone respectable with another. 24 employees responded as agreed, 1 employee disagreed. 15Q:- In the last 3 weeks, I received recognition or praise for doing good work? A: Performance appraisals have a great impact on employee performance. Performance review can give clear indication to employees performance recognition and opportunity to increase performance. 18 employees responded as agreed, 7 employees responded as disagreed. 16Q: Since a year, I got more opportunities to learn and grow my skills. A: employee involvement and participation is a key task to organisation. For high involvement practices, employee needs to get proper training and development. 12 employees responded as agreed, 10 disagreed and 3 employees strongly disagreed. Summary of findings Survey finds out that how organisation motivates their employees to effect on their success. Questionnaire pointed out the key factors such like employee involvement, organisational success, job responsibility, how organisation determine the vision includes within the employees, organisation culture, employee development towards to organisation development, job enrichment, performance appraisal, empowerment levels, employee satisfaction, and communications. Employees at the Hilton hotel most of them are aware of what the organisation expecting from them, and they felt they are satisfactory with their organisation. Quantitative data of survey providing the entire descriptions, Job satisfaction at there was, 80% employees satisfied with their job, least 20% having unsatisfied. It shows that organisation need to evolve more strategies to make the job interesting and create healthy environmental at work. Organisational success also higher at Hilton, they prefer their employees as a key assets, it is quite interesting about only 60% employees satisfied with organisational strategies. It means that the company needs to reach more employees in order to get more success. Training and development procedures at higher rate and should leading as example to others, overall 89% employees satisfied with their procedures and low level group of employees strongly argued that they are not really affecting their work. It explains that management needs more attention to develop their training strategies useful to all the employees. Communications among different role of employees were too poor, 45% people satisf ied and 55% employees strongly disagreed with their superiors communications, it indicates that there is a no perfect communication systems are following, so organisation needs to develop more communication and employee relation strategies The research of Marchington et al (2001) demonstrated that employers in the 18 organisations they studied valued the voice of the employee in contributing to management decision making because they believed it contributed to business performance. Chapter 4: Recommendations and Conclusion Employee motivation is essential to the success of organisations. A lack of employee motivation may cause organizational problems in turnover and retention, morale, and poor productivity. Hotel industry is not unfamiliar with these human resource issues, however, many restaurants choose to accept these issues as part of the business or utilize ineffective, outdated motivation techniques. Recognition of the problem of employee motivation is the first step a restaurant. Organisation may choose to tackle the problem Today most of the organisations turning into employee voluntary programs such as a key strategy to increase their business goals while positively involving their employees to meet the needs of the organisation. Management should ensure that, employees are committed about getting involved, it is important to find most satisfactory way for them to participate so that their efforts can really make a difference to organisation. Having a number of perspectives, it is clear that employee motivation is central to the modern organisational practices. Moreover, the benefits of employee motivation and effective leadership are more if company implement effectively. In implementing employee motivation theories in practices, a number of general principl

Essay example --

â€Å"Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith (Steve).† In other words, don’t give up your hope or goals because sometimes you will be successful due to luck. Founder of the prominent Apple Inc, Steve Jobs has led the company to success. Together with Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, they created the original, Apple Computer Inc. They contributed technological advances over the years which made devices affordable and convenient to everyone. Now, all Apple products proliferate around the world and is commonly used everywhere. Although Jobs has been through many rough times during his journey to success, his interest in technology, good decisions, innovative ideas, and persistence allowed Apple and himself to prosper. Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco, California 1955 (A E Networks). His biological parents were Joanne Schieble and Abdulfattah Jandali, however Jobs was put up for adoption and as a result; Paul and Clara Jobs picked him up and raised him (A E Networks). Jobs already has a rough start on his life. He was â€Å"smart, but directionless,† but that did not stop him from finding success in his adulthood (A E Networks). Steve Jobs’ interest in technology sprouted from his childhood hometown, Santa Clara County, otherwise known as Silicon Valley (Moisescot). The County is well known for their semi conductor companies that were filled with engineers working on electronics (Moisescot). This environment set a foundation to Jobs’ path to success. During high school, Jobs attended an electronic class in which he received help from HP’s co founder, Bill Hewlett, to get electronic parts and to get help on his homework (Moisescot). Eventually, due to his interest in this tech class, he worked at the HP fac... ...n the technological world. Furthermore contributing to this world, he realized that a touch screen can be applied to a phone, thus the iPhone was born (Moisescot). Again, it turned out to be a great seller and changed how people used their phones. Steve Jobs’ was extremely successful because he changed how people viewed technology. Furthermore, he brought success and fame to Apple which before was withering. Jobs life was like a rollercoaster; He had a slow start, but then found success. He dropped back down due to the hardships and conflicts at Apple then became widely successful on the new products. Even though he was kicked to the ground several times, in the end he always rose up in success. Jobs’ interest in technology, good decisions, innovative ideas, and persistence helped him get out of the hard times in his life, but eventually he found success in the end.

Monarchy Essay -- Canadian History, Politics

In Canada, the type of government it should have is a monarchy. Although, there are many benefits and disadvantages to a monarchy, there are many drawbacks to having a republic government. Canada is a theatre, in which every citizen played a significant role. Of this grand production, the monarchist is a playwright who tampers with the script to give Canada the benefits, while giving the nation it’s own independence. Monarchy is a form of government in a state, in which an individual has sovereign power. The ruler is known as the monarch, which refers to the head of state or ruler of a monarchy (Makarenko, 2007). The majority of monarchs can hold the position for their lifetime; however, their authority can be transmitted in two avenues, they either abdicate the throne or pass away, and in most cases, their families succeed them (Makarenko, 2007). There are two different types of monarchy: absolute and constitutional monarchy (Makarenko, 2007). Absolute monarchy is when the monarch has complete control, while constitutional monarchy is when the monarch is recognized known as the head of state, but with certain constraints (Makarenko, 2007). Republic is a form of government, in which the people and their elected representatives hold power (Makarenko, 2007). It is an alternative to the monarchy, which focuses on the â€Å"hereditary royal lineage† ((Makarenko, 2007). The people of state with the republic government play a significant role in many decisions (Makarenko, 2007). Some examples of this are participating in elections and reforming certain things (Makarenko, 2007). The form of government that Canada orchestrated is commonly known as a constitutional monarchy (Makarenko, 2007). This includes formal authority given to the ... ...me minister who is the controller. We see this in many examples, such as when the prime minister tells the representative when to dissolve parliament. Nevertheless, the Canadian government may seem dependent on monarchial approval, in reality the true authoritative power lies within the Parliament; the monarch is merely a figurehead. . Another reason why keeping the constitutional monarchy is because it preserves and honours the historical process of becoming the country we are today. As well, it makes sure that the elected head is not the head of state. Thus, keeping powers of government distributed equally. Keeping the monarchy system in Canada has many benefits to it. There are many disadvantages to the monarchy and a republic government. Thus, the Canadian government should remain a monarchy. If nothing is wrong it, then there is no real reason to change it.

Edward Marshall Boehm Essay

Edward Marshall Boehm is a company that is all about delivering quality while focusing on Nature. This report will include the vision, mission, SWOT, internal and external environments, and a strategic decision from my team in specific detail. Edward Marshall Boehm had a vision that was different from other businesses. Their vision was, â€Å"To capture that special moment and setting which conveys the character, charm, and loveliness of a bird or animal in its natural habitat†. This vision was set in order to attract a specific demographic and that was people who enjoy and embrace nature. Edward Marshall Boehm had a mission that was very similar to its vision. The mission was, â€Å"Make the world aware and protective of endangered wildlife by making them aware of nature’s charm†. I got a quote directly from the company when I called and someone who was very close to Mr. Boehm told me that, â€Å"Mr. Boehm wanted to achieve the bigger picture and that was sending his Vision and Mission around to everybody so that people would understand why he does what he does. You can only tell this to your class but Mr. Boehm would sometimes write personal letters to buyers with both the Vision and Mission written on there. He felt that personally writing that would make customers value their product more and value him more† (Richard Bassel). As we focused in on the external environments of Edward Marshall Boehm, we found many opportunities and risks. One factor surround Boehm Inc. is the market they compete in. Their market is not a very large market. Focusing in on adapting other markets could be very useful to the company and help them grow. One suggestion we have is to adapt into a European environment. By doing so, Boehm Inc. can broaden their line of products and adapt a market that is extremely large. Having knowledge about your external environments is crucial in business. While looking at retailers that have Boehm’s products I was shocked. There are little to no stores in the states with the most endangered species and nature. There is one store in California, which is the state with the most endangered species. No stores in Colorado, Oregon, Montana, and Alaska. Those states, to me, are arguable some of the most beautiful states when it comes to wildlife and nature. We suggest that Boehm Inc. finds stores that can sell his merchandise in these states. This will make his business grow and most important have more people aware of Boehm’s vision and mission. When we take a look at Boehm’s internal environment we start at the hard working employees, management, and structure/leadership of the organization. The management of Boehm Inc. is the backbone of the internal environment. One problem we found with Boehm Inc. was the leadership quality. Boehm specifically says, â€Å"We want to further the position the company for the long run†. Going along with Boehm’s vision and mission, if his company wanted to plan for the future, what happens when Mr. Boehm passes on? Boehm passed away in 1969. They still sell his products today but are they selling his products with another vision and mission? If Boehm was so focused on people recognizing his vision and mission, why didn’t he think to have other sculptors come in so that when the time comes they can continue to make products based on his vision? This is a question that cannot be answered but clearly there was a lack of leadership. Boehm used his external environment to make his internal environment better. EX. Boehm found that customers liked his dogs and horses but wanted his birds, so he started creating more exotic and large bird pieces. As you can see from the diagram above, there are several types of values that when put together determine many different things. Control values are focused on productivity, which lies with management. Ethical values are all about teams and teamwork, which goes with the structure of the company. Development values is all about planning and research which also lies with management. The relation between the internal environment and the external environment has a significant meaning to the overall productivity of the company. All of these values combined help in making decisions and completing long and short-term goals and objectives. Boehm Inc. has many strengths. The management is a very close related group. They are progressively growing the company looking for more opportunities. The quality of Boehm’s pieces is what pulls them apart from any other company. They are one of a kind pieces. This draws people to want them more and they have a collectors feeling on them. The weaknesses of Boehm Inc. slightly outweigh their strengths. The process of creating their products takes a very long time, which is not what companies usually want. The leadership of the company seems to be lost in a sense. Nobody is taking charge and setting up the company for future success. Since they don’t use technology and it is an old fashioned, a possible competition threat is at risk. Another interesting topic about Boehm is forecasting. The company can’t really forecast their sales because some items may be in demand while others aren’t. Since the process takes a while it puts them in an awkward position. There are many opportunities for the company. Updating their online store is a start that could make significant progress. New markets are another large opportunity. The company can grow if they decide to search into another market. With the speed of their process being so slow, they might want to look to speed it up some way. This will require significant research and knowledge about a specific plan or plans. Threats for Boehm Inc. are not major but still are nothing to look past. New artists could threaten the company because they could make cheaper products that almost look like â€Å"knock-offs†. These would severely damage the company. Substitute materials are another topic that could really hurt Boehm’s company. Instead of high-grade porcelain, other companies could look to use lower grade material but still produce beautiful products. After completing our SWOT analysis, our team has come up with some options for Boehm to explore. Boehm has a very functional online store. We think that because technology is so important now, Boehm could use the online site for something more than just selling. Boehm’s Vision and Mission, because they were so important should be expressed on the site. By giving a brief description of the animals and nature around them, people can understand the importance of the animal itself and the work that Boehm has done. Secondly Boehm should start immediately to find more artists that can continue creating pieces like Edward Marshall Boehm did. Not any artist is capable of doing such tasks. These artists must be well known and appreciate the charm of nature and the loveliness of animals. Another suggestion is for Boehm to find more stores to sell his pieces. These stores should be located in the states we mentioned before (Alaska, California, Oregon, Montana, Colorado). Lastly, we think that Mr. Boehm’s company should open a new line of products, Jewelry. Jewelry is always in high demand. By creating a Jewelry line, Boehm Inc. can bring in new customers and another smaller price range of products. By doing so, Boehm’s vision and mission can be carried out in places that have some of the most well known nature and animals around. Boehm should not lose out on their biggest opportunity, to expand into new markets. Through all of our research and our SWOT analysis, we have come to a specific recommendation. Edward Marshall Boehm should update their online store, so that people have a better understanding of the nature and beauty within the piece. The company should also sell to more states. Especially states that have a large nature aspect to them. Boehm Inc. should also consider looking for new artists with the passion of nature and animals. If they do that, they can continue to grow their product line while bringing in possible new ideas. Another suggestion we have is to consider possible endorsement. Endorsement can bring a lot of awareness to the company. Mr. Boehm wants people to realize the beauty of nature and animals and what better way to do so then endorsement. By doing these things, Edward Marshall Boehm Inc. should be able to continue growing their business while still focusing on Mr. Boehm’s vision and mission which is to appreciate nature and the charm animals and life brin g to it.

Soil Liquefaction Dangers During Arthquake

Ground shaking and shifting can cause major damage, tearing apart houses, buildings, and roads. †¢Flooding that arises from broken water dams or river levees is another hazard. †¢Tsunamis, triggered by an undersea earthquake as well as seiches – waves coming from lakes shaken by a temblor – can submerge whole communities, sweep away edifices, topple trees and drown people. †¢Fire is another seismic hazard. It can flare up from broken gas and power lines, or from overturned wood, coal, or gas stoves. But there’s another major earthquake danger that not many are familiar with. Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon that occurs when soil mixes with groundwater during a moderate or strong earthquake, turning the ground into quicksand in minutes. Soil Liquefaction in Low-Elevation Areas Because the soil must be saturated for liquefaction to take place, it is more likely to occur in low-lying areas that are near bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, bays and oceans. It happens most often in areas with sandy soil, where water takes hours to wend its way through the tiny channels of the mixture. More resistant to liquefaction are large-grained, permeable soils like gravel, which drains quickly, and clay soil, where particles are packed closely together.. It was in 1964, when earthquakes shook Niigata, Japan, and Anchorage, Alaska, that soil liquefaction was recognized as a major cause of earthquake damage. Scientists have since linked it to major historical earthquakes worldwide. Soil liquefaction inflicts great damage to property. Since the ground is too unstable to withstand pressure, anything resting above the mush—a building, a bridge, a house, a pier, a runway, a nuclear power plant, an earth dam—may lean, tip over, split open, or sink several feet. Ways to Reduce Soil Liquefaction Risks What can be done if a soil has been identified as susceptible to liquefaction? An undergraduate research paper written by Alisha Kaplan lists three ways to reduce liquefaction risks when constructing new buildings and structures. †¢Avoid building on liquefaction-susceptible soils. Besides soil tests, vulnerable places can also be pinpointed by investigating past events in an area. Soils that had liquefied in previous seismic events can liquefy again if another quake occurs. †¢Erect liquefaction-proof structures. If construction on weak soil cannot be avoided, the structure’s foundation should be designed to resist the damaging effects of liquefaction. The building must be made ductile, equipped with adjustable supports, and constructed to withstand large deformations and span soft locations on the ground. †¢Improve the soil. Improvements should increase ground strength, density and draining capacity. Installing vibroflotation, vertical wick drains, compact piles, and stone columns can lower the possibility of liquefaction. Soil liquefaction cannot be taken lightly, especially by those living in suspected liquefaction-prone areas. With earthquakes seemingly in the news more often, it serves residents and authorities alike to take a look around them and assess if they are standing on firm ground, literally. Taking safety measures in advance can save lives and property should a calamity strike.

Problem Statement

Analysis and Issues When the senior-level women at Vision resigned, it seems from the information in Lie's memo that people assumed that they were choosing Emily over a career and therefore, management believed there was nothing that the company could have done to retain these women. However, these women may have left for better opportunities, potentially with competitors. Vision's obvious costs of losing these employees include the loss of investment made in recruiting and training them as well as the cost of recruiting and training their replacements.Yet, the hidden cost of employee turnover is possibly even more devastating. These hidden costs include the loss of intellectual capital and the potential for the former employee to come a competitor; potential disruption in the. General Electric and its river pollution problems; GE and Westinghouse antitrust action in turbines; Walter's aggressive growth strategy and the loss of small town businesses; Wall-Mart and its labor and legal practices; and Wall- Mart with its â€Å"Buy America Program. Now here comes Enron, Arthur Andersen, Global Crossing, Tycoon, Martha Stewart, Disney (remember its privacy practices and guest safety issues), Delphic, Rite Aid, Nordstrom, the dot com bubble, Xerox and its large restatement of earnings, ditto Lucent, ND who could forget Crispy Cream donuts? There is a point here. Bad ethics isn't necessarily new, but there does seem to be more problems that are even bigger today than yesterday. These issues can be national news, but they can also permeate even small organizations, causing irreparable harm.This is where sound human resource (HER) development and systems become important so that HER leaders can strategically support the organization for the good of the organization itself. There is a fundamental reality that seems to have escaped our notice: Ethical issues are important, and ethical locations are not all that uncommon. Think about your own encounters with rude sales pe ople, telephone service sales solicitations, product defects, and other day-to-day encounters. Much of this does not make it to the nightly news, but ethical transgressions are quite common in today's society.Think about your work life. Does senior management truly respect you and your co- workers? Who gets blamed when problems arise? Are you surprised when important decisions are announced? Are you involved in discussions about strategically important problems, opportunities and questions? Ethics do not serially involve the big transgression all of the time. They can be the result of hidden forces that many times we don't even see. They are so common that we often take them for granted, almost.How often do we take action and don't even think that there is an ethical point to consider? Ethical issues in the workplace are often invisible. Publicly there is general consensus that managers should not violate laws. After the summer of 2002, it should be pretty clear that it makes no sen se to knowingly break the law. Obviously, the executives at Arthur Andersen were foolish to shred those documents and he chief accountants at MIMIC World were wrong to book current period expenses as capitalized assets.Certainly, Enron's income recognition problems and off-balance sheet â€Å"Special Purpose Entities† was clearly inappropriate-?as was their loans and dealings outside the United States. The answer to those that participated Was a resounding â€Å"no†. In all cases, the managers involved made a case that they â€Å"believed† their actions and â€Å"ethics† were within current social standards. These people share they didn't â€Å"knowingly† cross the line. Have you experienced people in your career and organization that would say the same?One could argue that the fundamental mistake by the above executives was getting too close to a line that isn't clearly visible, even moves over time. Golden State Fence and Koch Foods may argue tha t they were not aware of those people working for them were brought in without valid right-to-work documents. However those employees at Citreous, LASS, MM, 24 Hour Fitness, Sears, Irritate, Cutbacks, Emery's, Farmers Insurance, Longs Drugs, arguing for overtime wages after finding out they were misclassified as a â€Å"salaried† exempt employee do indeed â€Å"get it! † Problem Statement Analysis and Issues When the senior-level women at Vision resigned, it seems from the information in Lie's memo that people assumed that they were choosing Emily over a career and therefore, management believed there was nothing that the company could have done to retain these women. However, these women may have left for better opportunities, potentially with competitors. Vision's obvious costs of losing these employees include the loss of investment made in recruiting and training them as well as the cost of recruiting and training their replacements.Yet, the hidden cost of employee turnover is possibly even more devastating. These hidden costs include the loss of intellectual capital and the potential for the former employee to come a competitor; potential disruption in the. General Electric and its river pollution problems; GE and Westinghouse antitrust action in turbines; Walter's aggressive growth strategy and the loss of small town businesses; Wall-Mart and its labor and legal practices; and Wall- Mart with its â€Å"Buy America Program. Now here comes Enron, Arthur Andersen, Global Crossing, Tycoon, Martha Stewart, Disney (remember its privacy practices and guest safety issues), Delphic, Rite Aid, Nordstrom, the dot com bubble, Xerox and its large restatement of earnings, ditto Lucent, ND who could forget Crispy Cream donuts? There is a point here. Bad ethics isn't necessarily new, but there does seem to be more problems that are even bigger today than yesterday. These issues can be national news, but they can also permeate even small organizations, causing irreparable harm.This is where sound human resource (HER) development and systems become important so that HER leaders can strategically support the organization for the good of the organization itself. There is a fundamental reality that seems to have escaped our notice: Ethical issues are important, and ethical locations are not all that uncommon. Think about your own encounters with rude sales pe ople, telephone service sales solicitations, product defects, and other day-to-day encounters. Much of this does not make it to the nightly news, but ethical transgressions are quite common in today's society.Think about your work life. Does senior management truly respect you and your co- workers? Who gets blamed when problems arise? Are you surprised when important decisions are announced? Are you involved in discussions about strategically important problems, opportunities and questions? Ethics do not serially involve the big transgression all of the time. They can be the result of hidden forces that many times we don't even see. They are so common that we often take them for granted, almost.How often do we take action and don't even think that there is an ethical point to consider? Ethical issues in the workplace are often invisible. Publicly there is general consensus that managers should not violate laws. After the summer of 2002, it should be pretty clear that it makes no sen se to knowingly break the law. Obviously, the executives at Arthur Andersen were foolish to shred those documents and he chief accountants at MIMIC World were wrong to book current period expenses as capitalized assets.Certainly, Enron's income recognition problems and off-balance sheet â€Å"Special Purpose Entities† was clearly inappropriate-?as was their loans and dealings outside the United States. The answer to those that participated Was a resounding â€Å"no†. In all cases, the managers involved made a case that they â€Å"believed† their actions and â€Å"ethics† were within current social standards. These people share they didn't â€Å"knowingly† cross the line. Have you experienced people in your career and organization that would say the same?One could argue that the fundamental mistake by the above executives was getting too close to a line that isn't clearly visible, even moves over time. Golden State Fence and Koch Foods may argue tha t they were not aware of those people working for them were brought in without valid right-to-work documents. However those employees at Citreous, LASS, MM, 24 Hour Fitness, Sears, Irritate, Cutbacks, Emery's, Farmers Insurance, Longs Drugs, arguing for overtime wages after finding out they were misclassified as a â€Å"salaried† exempt employee do indeed â€Å"get it! †

Frankenstein Monstrous Behavio essays

Frankenstein Monstrous Behavio essays In Mary Shellys Frankenstein, she uniquely portrays both characteristics of mankind. Shelly explores the romantic idea of man being born innately good, then turning to the darkerside. Both the main characters, Victor Frankenstein and the Creature, could be considered the monster. However, the creature displays several definite signs of monstrous behavior. Physical appearance can sometimes aid one in defining a persons character. The monsters (60).... gigantic structure and deformity is more hideous than belongs of humanity instantly gives the reader a clue about the creatures build. The creature is very deformed and looks like a wretch of a monster. The monster had an enormous structure, which can be easily compared to modern ideas of monsters appearance. Frankenstein explains the creatures (36)...yellow skin scarcely covered his shrivelled complexion and straight lips. The description created a vivid terrifying image in the readers mind about the creatures. The creatures scary appearance frightened the creator itself. The monsters monstrous physical appearance compliments his monstrous deeds. The monster uses revengeful tactics to ruin his creators life, both emotionally and physically. He states (129). From that moment he declared everlasting war against the species, and more than all, against Frankenstein. The act of plotting revenge upon an entire species can only be displayed by an emotionless monster. The monster declared that he would personally make his victims miserable. The monster did not try to control his anger because he admits (78) The first time the feelings of revenge filled my bosom, I did not strive to control them, I bent my mind towards injury and death. The creature realized his feelings of hatred were evil and vindictive. Yet, the monster continued to plot disastrous murder i...

Free Essays on Wallpaper Maunfactor

The case study that I read about was dealing with a wallpaper printing equipment manufacturer. The name of this company was called Canwall and its located in Canada. Two guys from this company were sent over to a town north of Shanghai in the province of Jiangsu, China. The two guys that went over there were, Charlie Burton, who was the president of Canwall and Phil Raines, who was the marketing director. They were going to China to negotiate a sale to a new wallpaper production company. The Canadian company has never sold its equipment outside of its country and this was going to be it's first time. The two companies have been talking before they met for the first time. The manager of the Chinese company, Mr. Li, has been to the company in Canada and also one of Canwall's trade representatives has been over to China. When Burton and Raines got to China they had a warm welcome and were met by MR. Li and a chauffer. They were taken to their hotel and had a banquet later on th at night. After getting the red-carpet treatment they had a good feeling about the sale. The second day they were taken to see the sights nearby and when they came back in the afternoon one of the managers came up to them to tell them that they were going to a dance performance. Finally on the third day they started to talk about the sale. Then at the end of the day they went back to their room thinking they have the equipment sold. The next day they were asked again to explain what they said the day before in front of some new faces. Then after their farewell banquet they went home with a lot of issues unresolved and they ended up losing the sale to a company in Japan. I think the reason why they lost this sale was because there was a communication problem. Communication is the most important thing when you're dealing with sales. The person buying the product needs to know everything about their product they're buying. In this case study, the pers... Free Essays on Wallpaper Maunfactor Free Essays on Wallpaper Maunfactor The case study that I read about was dealing with a wallpaper printing equipment manufacturer. The name of this company was called Canwall and its located in Canada. Two guys from this company were sent over to a town north of Shanghai in the province of Jiangsu, China. The two guys that went over there were, Charlie Burton, who was the president of Canwall and Phil Raines, who was the marketing director. They were going to China to negotiate a sale to a new wallpaper production company. The Canadian company has never sold its equipment outside of its country and this was going to be it's first time. The two companies have been talking before they met for the first time. The manager of the Chinese company, Mr. Li, has been to the company in Canada and also one of Canwall's trade representatives has been over to China. When Burton and Raines got to China they had a warm welcome and were met by MR. Li and a chauffer. They were taken to their hotel and had a banquet later on th at night. After getting the red-carpet treatment they had a good feeling about the sale. The second day they were taken to see the sights nearby and when they came back in the afternoon one of the managers came up to them to tell them that they were going to a dance performance. Finally on the third day they started to talk about the sale. Then at the end of the day they went back to their room thinking they have the equipment sold. The next day they were asked again to explain what they said the day before in front of some new faces. Then after their farewell banquet they went home with a lot of issues unresolved and they ended up losing the sale to a company in Japan. I think the reason why they lost this sale was because there was a communication problem. Communication is the most important thing when you're dealing with sales. The person buying the product needs to know everything about their product they're buying. In this case study, the pers...